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I related this quote to Jean Paul Satre's concept that death is liberating because no one can cheat death. At some point in our lives everyone is going to pass away, but with this knowledge of death we should live life to the fullest or, in the case of the movie characters, carry out our full responsibilities to the best of our abilities.
"Which path will you choose?"
This reminded me of Buddhism. A person can decide their own fate. They can decide to live a life filled with desires and end up suffering or choose to take the path of a Buddhist. A Buddhist's path would include following the Four Noble Truths and the Eight Fold Path, so that you can reach Nirvana and no longer suffer. According to Buddhism, if a person cannot achieve this, they will end up reliving a cycle of rebirths due to karma.
"I chose a life of honest labor."
This related to Kierkegaard's stages of life. By choosing to live a life of honest labor, a person would be in the ethical stage of their life. They would be living selflessly and not impulsively such as an aesthetic person would. A person who chooses to live a life of honest labor is not thinking of their own benefit and pleasures; therefore they have moved on from the aesthetic stage to the ethical stage of life.
"I'm going to give you a mild sedative"
I related this to the idea of the concept of medical paternalism. In the movie, the main character is stabbed with a needle so that he is able to go on the mission. In this situation the character who gave the main character the sedative thought it was best for him and made the decision for him and didn't even ask if for the main character's permission.
"Are you saying they're from the future?"
This quote shows that anything is possible. Therefore, I related it to Rene Descartes' skepticism theory. Rene Descartes believed that the only thing we can prove is that we exist. That means anything else in our "world" could be fake. There could even be an alternative reality. Such as how it was possible for Spoc to come from the future in Star Trek, anything is possible because there's nothing that we can truly prove wrong or right.
Learn some Star Trek trvia here!